The World According To Garp English Literature Essay

The World According To Garp English Literature Essay The story is set in the past. It starts in the year 1942, when Jenny Fields injures a man at a movie theater. The exact date at the end of the story, is somewhat more difficult to determine. Garp was born at the end of the second World War, I think around 1944 or 1945. He lived to be 33 years old. The book ended when he died, so that should be in the year 1977. It quite easy actually to determine, because of the books first line: Garps mother, Jenny Fields, was arrested for wounding a man in a movie theater. Altogether the story takes about 35 years. The story is set in a couple of different places. It starts of in the US, when Garp is at Steering school, where his mother is head nurse. When he graduates from Steering, he decides to go to Austria, to develop himself as a writer. He lives in Vienna for about 1 or 2 years. Then he returns to the US. Their he decides he finally wants to marry the love of his live, Helen. For quite some time he lives with Helen, in a house of their own. The exact location isnt known. When the accident happens (for a precise description: see the summary), they go to live with Jenny, who is taking care of them at that moment. The last couple of years they live at Steering school (again), where Helen is teaching English. The story tells us about the life of an extraordinary man, T.S. Garp. He is the son of the famous feminist Jenny Fields, which will hunt him for all his life (and eventually is an indirect cause of his death). In his younger years Garp lived at Steering School, where his mother was head nurse. As soon as he graduates, he goes to Vienna with his mother, where he resides for about one or two years. Then he return to the US, to marry Helen. They bought their own house and lived happily for a couple of years. Then Garp finds out Helen is unfaithful. Then the accident happens and the Garps move in with Jenny, who starts nursing them. When the family Garp was ready to live by themselves again, they bought a house at Steering, where Helen starts teaching English. Eventually Garp was murdered by a feminist (for specific details see the summary). The storys main characters are: T.S. Garp, Helen Holm and Jenny Fields. T.S. Garp: Garp is the lead character in the story. Actually it is his story (which is quite obviously concerning the books title). The story is that of Garps life. What happens to him, what people are involved, and how it affects him mentally. He is a strange man in some ways. His ideas of what is normal, and what isnt, are different from the common perceptions. On the other hand he is a real funny guy. His sense of humor is real good (which makes the book much more fun to read). Helen Holm: Helen is the daughter of Garps wrestling coach Ernie Holm. Garp met Helen when he started wrestling, and he always liked her. But Helen said she would only marry a writer. Therefore Garp decided to become a writer. When Garp returns from Vienna, he started to live with Helen. They got two children: Duncan and Walt. Helen studied English and taught at a university, before she eventually taught English literature at Steering School. Jenny Fields: Jenny Fields is the mother of T.S. Garp. She became famous by writing the first feminist novel. This will be a disadvantage for Garp for all his life. He will always be knows (even with the sales of his own novels) as the son of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Jenny was nurse a Boston Mercy Hospital during the second World War. There she met Garps father. When Garp was born, she took him to Steering, where she became head nurse. It was at Steering and Vienna that she wrote her famous book. She stopped being nurse as soon as she became rich and famous, and started working for charity. The books minor characters are: Duncan Garp, Walt Garp, Ernie Holm, Cushie Percy, Roberta, Ellen James, John Wolf and Dean Bodger. The message of the story is not so obvious in this story. You learn a lot about the different characters, what kind of people they are, and what theyre capable of. So maybe thats the message: people arent all bad, except some. You should always be aware of the dangers ahead. Thats what eventually killed Garp. But still, I think the author wrote this book to entertain people. He always making fun of characters, or making a quick little joke. I dont think he wrote it to learn the reader something. Its not that kind of story. The story ends with Garps death. Before he was murdered, the narrator says things like: If he noticed it, he might have prevented it. So he should have seen the danger ahead. He should have noticed something was wrong. Your Opinion Well of course, Garp is the most sympathetic character in the story. Besides him, Helen is always considered sympathetic by the narrator. So these two are the (main) characters, that I found the most sympathetic. Garp is a very humoristic man, but also a loving father and husband. He always good towards others, willingly to help someone if necessary. Helen is a somewhat strange woman. Is diffecult to explain in what way. Maybe she doesnt really show her emotions. But still, she is always kind and nice to others. The most unsympathetic characters are Pooh Percy and Mrs Ralph in my opinion. Pooh Percy is quite obvious: she kills Garp for some ridiculous reason. She jealous at him, therefore thinks her problems will be solved by killing him. Mrs Ralph is a lot less obvious. Her attitude isnt that of an unsympathetic person. But still, she neglects her son Ralph, and tries to get Garp in trouble by seducing him. Shes full of self-pity, and tries to get advantage out of others. When I read the story I was constantly surprised. You really dont know whats going to happen. Garp as a person is unpredictable, but his environment might be even more unpredictable. Thats an important element for the story, because it inflicts on Garps personal life. On the other hand, the story is full of humor. Not only jokes that Garp makes, but also events that take place. Irving writes with a great ironic tone in his story, which I consider is brilliant. My favorite part of the book is where Garp is trying to catch the child molester. The child was raped in the park by a man with a mustache, so Garp went of and soon he saw a man with a mustache: Garp yelled at the figure, an elderly gentleman with a white mustache, who looked over his shoulder at Garp with an expression so surprised and ashamed that Garp was sure hed found the child molester. He thundered through the vines and small, whiplike trees to the man, who had been peeing and was hastening to fold himself back into his trousers. He looked very much like a man caught doing something he shouldnt have done. I was justà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the man began, but Garp was upon him and thrust his stiff, cropped beard into the mans face. Garp sniffed him over like a hound. If its you, you bastard, I can smell it on you! Garp said. Funny thing is, that the man wasnt involved in the rape at all. He was just taking a leak over there. Imagine, youre just taking a leak, someone yells at you, is sniffing your genitals and accuses you of being a child molester. Irving did make me aware of certain things, that I probably already knew before I read the book. The world is unpredictable, you dont know what lies ahead. This novel is a great example of what can happen. This message becomes clear by the storyline in the novel, but also by the short stories that Garp wrote. They are strange, especially the world according to Bensenhaver. This is a great example of strange things that can happen to you. But if this message is important? I dont really know. It probably is, but you dont learn this kind of ethics by reading a book. I gained by gaining more experience in life, not by reading a book. If I could ask Irving a couple of questions, It would be these: how did you manage it to make up such a story, where everything is unpredictable but afterwards explainable? Because thats the strength of the novel. Afterwards everything makes sense. Every event is for the sake of the novel. I would like to know if it was all Irvings imagination or he did it otherwise. why didnt you make the story that long? Its getting quite boring the last hundred pagesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Like I said, the last hundred pages are just too much. I think its also for the sake of the book. how did you manage to write a novel within a novel? You can see the similarity in Garps writing style and Irvings, but there are some differences. Is this done purposely, or not? C. Sumamry The story starts with the life of the nurse Jenny Fields. She doesnt like men and she loathes the feeling she calls lust. Because shes a nurse and cares a lot about people, she wants to have a child but she doesnt want to have anything to do with a man, she isnt searching for sex or a relationship, so it seems almost impossibleto get pregnant. But in a very special way, she manages to get pregnant. When the baby is born she calls him T.S. Garp because this was the fathers name, and the only thing he was able to say. She stops working at the hospital and finds a job, as a nurse, at Steering, a school for boys. Garp grows up there and when he is old enough he attends school there too. The Percy familie that lives at Steerings too, has a dog called Bonkers. It is not a very friendly dog, one day he bites a piece out of Garps ear. Stewart Percy isnt nice eather, he refuses to put the dog down. Garp doesnt care much for sports but he is obligated to preform at least one sport. His mother chooses wrestling for him and becomes friends with the coach. The coach has a daughter, Helen, and garp is fond of her, but she isnt really interested in him. Garp is a talented wrestler, but he decides that he wants to become writer and when he has finished high school, Garp and Jenny leave for Vienna. A few days before they leave, Garp and Cushie Percy, Stewart daughter, have sex in the infirmary. On their way there, Garp meets Bonkers and bites off a piece of the dogs ear. Garp and Jenny both start writing in Austria. Jenny is writing a book about her life as a nurse and her opinion on lust. Garp is about eighteen years old now and often visits the whores in Vienna. he likes women and sex and this is very weird for Jenny because she cant imagine why someone would enjoy anything like that and she finds it peculiar that her son can have these feelings while she loathes thins like that. Garp writes a lot to Helen because she promised him that if he writes something she likes, she will marry him. In the beginning he ony writes letters, the real writing of a book, hasnt really started. Finally he finishes a stroy called the pension Grillparzer Helen really likes it. She also read Jennys book and she really liked that too. Garp finishes a whole book, Procrastination. Jenny and Garp fly back to the U.S. and Helen and Garp get married. Jenny and Garp find a publisher for their books. His name is John Wolf. Jennys book turns out to be a huge succes. It is found to be a controversial book about feminsme. Jenny doesnt really like this label but she does like it that her book is such a succes. She has a lot of fans, including a group of women who call themselves Ellen Jamesians, after a girl who got raped and got her tongue cut off. The women have also cut their tongues off and arent able to say a word. Garp finds them really weird but his mom takes care of everyone. She becomes very popular, even the nurse dress she always wears is copied by many women. Garps book doesnt become as succesfull as his moms work but it isnt a failure either. Garp and Helen have a child, a boy called Duncan and Jenny and Garp move. Onde day, Garp hears that Cushie Percy has died in childbirth. He calls Stewart Percy to offer his condolences but what he doesnt know is that Cushie died motns before, and he is calling Percy on the day Bonkers died. Stewart thinks that tis is another one of Garps cruel jokes. Garp writes a second novel, called Second Wind of the Cuckold, the success of it is smaller than that of his first novel, and Helen takes on a second job. Their friends, the Fletchers, have marital problems and the Garps try to help them. But this doesnt really work out. For a while, Garp is involved with Alice and Helen with Harrison Fletcher. Jenny introduces them to Roberta Muldoon, she used to be a man and a famous football player but she got surgery and now shes a woman, and Jennys bodyguard. Garp and Roberta become close friends and play a lot of squash together Helen and Garp have a second child, a boy again, they call him Walt. Because Helen works a lot, Garp takes care of the house keeping. He cookes, cleans the house, does the laundry and takes care of the children. He is often very worried about them and when Duncan spends the night at a friends house, he doesnt trust it because he thinks the mom is verry sloppy and isnt able to take good care of her child. He goes there in the middle of the night and finds the house to be very dirty. The mother is drunk and tries to seduce him but he doesnt fall for it and takes Duncan home. One day he finds Helen reading a story written by one of her students, called Michael Milton. He isnt like Garp at all and that is what attracts Helen to Michael. An ex-girlfriend of Michael tells Garp that his wife is having an affaire. Garp is very angry and forbids Helen to see Michael again and tells her to phone Michael to break with him. He gives Helen the time for it by taking the children to a movie but he calls to their house to check if shes still home. When she doesnt answere the phone he drives home like a maniac though the weather is very bad. He crashes into Michales car, Helen and Michael are inside of it. Walt is killed and Garp, Helen Duncan and Michael are seriously injured. The Garps move to Jennys house and she nurses them. While the family gets well, Garp starts writing again. In his new novel he puts all his grief. While he is writing the book, Helen and Garp have a third child, a girl and they call her Jenny. John Wolf reads the first chapter of Garps new book, but he really dislikes it and doesnt want to publish it. Theres a woman called Jillsy Sloper, she cleans Johns office and he often gives her a novel to criticize it. She reads Garps new book and she doesnt like it but she isnt able to put it away and finishes it, something she rarely does, so John decides to publish the book anyway. John writes the jackets of the book himself and is afraid that Garp wont approve them. He is also affraid of bad reviews and he advices the Garps to go on a holiday abroard.They decide to go to Vienna and they have a great time there, until Roberta calls them to tell that Jenny Fields got killed, someone shot her. The Garps fly immediately back home. The funeral that is organised for Jenny will be the first feminist funeral ever, and not even Garp is allowed to come, but Roberta dresses him in womens clothes to make sure no-one will recognise him. But Bainbridge Percy, Cushies younger sister recognises him anyway. She accuses him of murdering her sister. Garp runs away and takes the next plane home. On the plane he meets the real Ellen James. She lost her parents a little while ago and she was on her way to see Jenny Fields. Garp allows her to come and live with his family. When he is back at steerings, the dean tells him that both Stewart Percy and Helens father have just died. The Garps decide to stay at Steering. Helen will teach and Garp will be the new wrestler coach. Jennys house is turned into a foundation supporting all women with problems that is runned by Roberta.. Garp wants to keep the Ellen Jamesians out of the house because he thinks theyre insane. One day Garp is training with his wrestling team in the gym. Helen is also there, she is reading a book in the corner of the room. Then Bainbridge Percy wakls in and killes Garp by shooting him. Helen lives to be quite old and never remarries. Roberta looks after Duncan. Ellen James becomes a writer. Jenny Garp outlives all the others and becomes a doctor.

Barn Burning Essay -- essays papers

Barn Burning â€Å"Barn Burning† by William Faulkner was written in the ebb of the 1930’s in a decade of social, economic, and cultural decline. This story offers insight into the past years for students to learn of the nation and the South. This story shows the racial segregation that took place in these times between the white landowners and white tenant farmers, the blacks and the whites, and the poor white trash class and the blacks. The Snopes’s family was in the social class of the poor, white tenant farmers. The father, Abner Snopes, had to struggle to provide for his family. In the family there were the mother and her sister, two daughters, and two sons. The older son, Flem, worked with Abner, and the younger son, Sarty, helped with the chores. Sarty, along with others, had trouble understanding his father’s way of life and his attitude towards society. Abner was a harsh man. His crusade as a sharecropper exploited his inner feelings of resentment towards the landowners. Having little or no patience with each new situation, he resorted to the only ...

Challenging the Status Quo of Technology in Business Outline Essay

I. Introduction A. Getting in trouble as a teenager, led this innovative mind to reshape technological advances to better suit Business needs as society sees it today. B. Any Idea can be great; implementation of that idea takes careful planning and a smooth technological framework to seamlessly pull it off. C. Choosing to eschew the established ways most seek out their lives, Bill Gates chose to cultivate his interests, even by getting in trouble with a corporation at a young age while capitalizing on an error in a system, and pivot these ideas into a multi-billion dollar enterprise. See more: outline format for essay D. An active dedicated mind that sees inadequacies around them is the best way to fuel innovative changes to streamline a business need. Having the keen ability to identify holes in logic and process is an opportunity to identify the need for change from an improvement standpoint. E. A successful individual with a thirst for understanding of technology, and a desire to improve the ways that business can be protected, while being innovative in managing daily and long reaching business goals, has demonstrated ways to streamline efficiencies – all while improving revenues, and decreasing overhead. This successful, driven and adaptable individual defined ways for businesses to thrive, all while ultimately making it less complicated for users of a product to perform certain work tasks, while staying better organized and documented. II. My program Technical Project Management A. I selected Technical Project Management, as it is Essential for Business, and is an in demand field. B. In two and a half years, I will have successfully obtained my Bachelor’s Degree, allowing me to fulfill my desire to participate in changing business climates, and help manage all aspects of project implementation with a strong understanding of all the skills required to manage projects from a technical standpoint. C. To be successful in the Technical Project Management field I will need to be able to effectively identify all aspects of a project from a management perspective, these skills are defined by Schiff (2013, January 15) as â€Å"Highly Organized, and good multi-tasker, Have the ability to take charge and know how to lead, Be an effective communicator, Know How and When to Negotiate, Be Detail Oriented, Recognize and Solve Problems Quickly, Possess the necessary technical skills† (Schiff, J 2013)* III. An effective leader demonstrates efficiencies of leadership by possessing core values of Honesty, Focus, Passion, and overall respect. A. An effective leader is defined by how they utilize a combination of â€Å"nature and nurture is the obvious core element in the development of personality† (Williams, 2005) * B. Positive leadership traits can be summarized with the following attributes: Williams (2005, June) defines positive leadership traits as: Personal consistency, Discipline and Integrity. Intolerance of mediocrity. A concern to build mutual trust. Focused passion for the business. Recognition of the critical importance of emotional intelligence in leadership. (Williams, 2005).* IV. William Henry Gates III ‘Bill Gates’ A. Wikipedia provides the following to describe Bill Gates:† William Henry â€Å"Bill† Gates III (born October 28, 1955) [2] is an American business magnate, investor, programmer, [3] inventor [4] and philanthropist. (Wikipedia 2013) * 1. Relevant formative details: in 1975 Gates, a sophomore attending Harvard University, had read a copy of Popular Electronics that demonstrated the Altair 8800. Gates contacted Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) the creators of the new microcomputer and informed them that he and others were working on developing software from a program BASIC which was designed for large computers, after creating the program and meeting with MITS executives resulted in a deal and this new adapted software would be included in the first microcomputers. It would be at this point that Gates would not return to Harvard to finish his degree, instead he partnered with Paul Allen and named their partnership Micro-Soft. The team would later drop the hyphen, and then three years later moved back home to Washington and established corporation paperwork in Bellevue, where Microsoft and Bill Gates would become the leader, and powerhouse of software development. Wikipedia 2013* 2. As Co- Founder, and Chairman of Microsoft, Currently Bill Gates is regarded as the single most successful business person in the PC industry for all his contributions to consumer ready personal computer products. Wikipedia documents that â€Å"Time Magazine named Gates one of the 100 people who most influenced the 20th Century, as well as one of the 100 most influential people of 2004, 2005 and 2006† (Wikipedia 2013)* B. Your reasons for selecting this person 1. Bill Gates is a pioneer of technological office products which forever changes how businesses are able streamline efficient technologies. Bill’s quest for knowledge of how things worked, and how they could be improved started in his formative years while attending the Lakeside School in  Seattle Washington, where he took an interest in programming the new computer system the school had recently purchased. As a result of his expressed interest in this computer system â€Å"he was excused from Math classes to peruse his interest†. (Wikipedia 2013) * 2. I intend to utilize mainstream software as part of successful implementation for projects that I manage in technical in project management. I have a profound level of identifying things that do not work around me, and am constantly striving to question ways, and implement solutions that are going to streamline an efficiency. I Intend to utilize the products that Bill Gates has created for businesses, such as Microsoft Office Suite of Products, along with supplemental products such as Microsoft â€Å"Project† which are the most widely utilized programs in the currently among businesses. V. Your own leadership qualities and success traits: As a leader I am capable of showing those around me a better more efficient way to manage tasks, I intent to continue to broaden this knowledge and share with others. My success traits are that I am extremely personable, and easy to interact with. My overall personality is very outgoing and friendly making fast friends in any environment. I have strong values and morals, which are easily recognized upon meeting with me. These traits are essential when forming relationships in any structure, especially in business. A. My personal strengths that I am able to take and apply towards being a leader is having the Personality Type Assessment show me I am an â€Å"ENFP – The Inspirers† personality. Per the assessment I am creative and industrious; I am easily able to find success in activities and projects that are of interest to myself, and I am great at motivating others as well as being organized, however I am not overly fond of routine. Additionally the MIS assessment showed me that I am stimulated in my multiple intelligences by Rhythmic, Visual, Interpersonal, Body/kinetic and Intrapersonal learning styles. (Sherfield, Moody 2011)* 1. These assessment showed me that I am a compassionate, outgoing emotionally connected, perceptive individual that works well in dynamics with others where external stimulations such as visual, rhythmic, Interpersonal, Body/kinetic, and Intrapersonal interactions suit me best. These align with my values of compassion, caring, honesty and Respect. By understanding how I work best, I am better able to be a leader by utilizing my strengths to help hone those skills. 2. I am able to be successful by focusing on my ability to be an outgoing and emotionally invested leader – demonstrating that I am dynamic in how I can learn, lead and relate, therefore showing others dynamic ways of approaching related tasks, and embracing ideas. 3. I plan to employ my strengths by overall action. A person that is able to show and demonstrate excellent qualities will gain respect, and therefore earn the trust of those they are trying to lead. B. The areas of weakness that I possess are related to how I handle conflict. Per the conflict management assessment I realize that I have a very strong ability to try and resolve conflict, I do however have room for improvement. I need to work better at becoming adept at handling conflict so that I may do well with mediation, negotiation and anger management. That will in turn make me more approachable so that people may turn to me in times of need for advice about conflicts and possible resolutions. (Sherfield, Moody 2011) * 1. The positive changes you need to make in order to resolve weaknesses: I need to focus on managing spikes in my anger towards people that manage to irritate me when I am trying to help them learn something. I will undoubtedly gain a higher level of respect by treating others with respect instead of allowing myself to become agitated at the pace or aptitude of others. 2. Your plan for resolving these weaknesses: to focus on moments when I  feel myself become angered, and attempt to stop from speaking, or acting any further without first looking at the situation from a broader aspect, and seeing the potential areas for improvement. VI. Conclusion A. It is often the ones that get in trouble and challenge the status quo, that make the best innovators and leaders that shape our business to an ever growing and improving dynamic. Being a leader in this field takes courage, and a quest for the ever present â€Å"Why†. Those that challenge and ask why are often the ones that present new ideas to change our course as society. Strength and courage to continue challenging the status quo, and teaching others new ways is what defines a leader. B. I feel that Bill Gates is an unequivocal pioneer in the field of business technology. He challenged so much about what was out there, and had the courage in his vision to make great changes. Bill Gates created systems and programs that would further streamline how businesses are able to conduct their day to day activities by creating and packaging licensed products that are essential tools for any successful business. I look forward to learning more about these programs, and to employ them when I am working in my field of study. C. I plan to enroll in additional courses outside of the DeVry Degree Program that will provide me with additional training on Microsoft Suite of Applications specifically Microsoft SQL a server application that businesses utilize to extract data when executing systems testing requirements. References Schiff, J (2013 January 15). 7 Must-have Project Management Skills for IT Pros (1) Sherfield, M. Moody P. (2001) Cornerstone: Creating success through positive change, Sixth Edition. Boston, MA: Pearson. Williams, M. (2005, June). Leadership for leaders. London, GBR. Thorogood Publishing Wikipedia. Bill Gates Retrieved October 1, 2013 at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates

Nanoflares Keep Things Hot on the Sun

One thing we all know about the Sun: its incredibly hot. The surface (the outermost layer of the Sun that we can see) is 10,340 degrees Fahrenheit (F), and the core (which we cant see) is 27 MILLION degrees F. Theres another part of the Sun that lies between the surface and us: its the outermost atmosphere, called the corona.Its some 300 times hotter than the surface. How can something farther away and out in space be hotter? You would think it would actually be cooling off the farther away it gets from the Sun.   This question of how the corona gets so hot has kept solar scientists busy for a long time, trying to find an answer. It was once assumed that the corona heated gradually, but the cause of the heating was a mystery.   The Sun is heated from within by a process called fusion. The core is a nuclear furnace, fusing atoms of hydrogen together to make atoms of helium. The process releases heat and light, which travel through the Suns layers until they escape from the photosphere. The atmosphere, including the corona, lie above that. It should be cooler, but its not. So, what could possibly heat the corona? One answer is nanoflares. These are tiny cousins of the big solar flares that we detect erupting from the Sun. Flares are sudden flashes of brightness from the Suns surface. They release incredible amounts of energy and radiation. Sometimes flares are also accompanied by massive releases of superheated plasma from the Sun called coronal mass ejections. These outbursts can cause whats called space weather  (such as displays of northern and southern lights)  at Earth and other planets. Nanoflares are a different breed of solar flare. First, they erupt constantly, crackling along like countless little hydrogen bombs. Second, they are very, very hot, getting up to 18 million degrees Fahrenheit. Thats hotter than the corona, which is usually a few million degrees F.   Think of them as a very hot soup, bubbling along on the surface of a stove, warming the atmosphere above it. With nanoflares, the combined heating of all those constantly blowing tiny explosions (which are as powerful as 10-megaton hydrogen bomb explosions) is likely why the coronosphere is so hot.    The nanoflare idea is relatively new, and only recently have these little explosions been detected. The concept of nanoflares was first proposed in the early 2000s, and tested beginning in 2013 by astronomers using special instruments on sounding rockets. During the short flights, they studied the Sun, looking for evidence of these tiny flares (which are only a billionth of the power of a regular flare). More recently, the NuSTAR mission, which is a space-based telescope sensitive to x-rays, looked at the Suns x-ray emissions and found evidence for the nanoflares.   While the nanoflare idea seems to be the best one that explains coronal heating, astronomers need to study the Sun more in order to understand how the process works. They will watch the Sun during solar minimum—when the Sun is not bristling with sunspots that can confuse the picture. Then,  NuSTAR and other instruments will be able to get more data to explain just how millions of tiny little flares going off just above the solar surface can heat the thin upper atmosphere of the Sun.